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The Ancient Egyptian ''Book of the Dead'' contained a group of magical and religious texts known as spells. The spells are meant to help the dead progress through the many challenges in the ''Duat'', or underworld, to the afterlife. Spells to protect the dead from harm are mixed with those ensuring the different parts of their being would be preserved, along with copies of religious myths and ritual texts, for instance at a funeral. Many spells were illustrated with drawings known as vignettes, which in some manuscripts are very lavish. Only rich Egyptians owned a copy usually and it was buried with them. Some 200 spells are known from the ''Book of the Dead''.〔Taylor 2010, p.13〕 The combination of spells used in a particular papyrus varied, very likely depending on the texts the scribe had access to, as well as the inclinations and wealth of the owner. Some spells were developed during the 1500-year period the ''Book of the Dead'' was used, while others fell into disuse. Some of the spells derive from earlier funerary texts, for instance the Coffin Texts. From the Late Period of Ancient Egypt onward, the spells were arranged in a standard order. Here the spells are presented according to the modern numbering system used by Egyptologists. This derives from the work of Karl Richard Lepsius, who published the first translation of a ''Book of the Dead'' papyrus, and accords with the Late Period ordering of spells.〔Taylor 2010, p.289〕 ==1–20: Funerary and mythological texts== :1. For the day of burial. Often accompanied with a lavish vignette showing a funerary procession.〔Taylor 2010, p.93〕 :1B. Recitation for the day of burial.〔Taylor 2010, p.88〕 :6. A ''shabti'' spell. First attested as Spell 472 of the Coffin Texts. The text of the spell reads: :7. Protection from animals 〔Taylor 2010, p.184〕 :9. Identifies the owner with the god Horus, son of Osiris; and affirming that Osiris will triumph over his enemy Seth, and asks for the gods to open a path for him. In the Papyrus of Ani this spell reads: :15 A hymn to the sun-god. Not a standard text; any one of a number of hymns might be used.〔Taylor 2010, p.89〕 :16 Not a text but a large vignette depicting the sunrise, referring to the daily rebirth of Ra〔Taylor 2010, p.89, p.246 9〕 :17 A text about the nature of the creator-god Atum. This is one of the longest, most complex, and most frequently included spells; the text is often so obscure that it incorporates comments or glosses explaining the meaning of the words or offering alternatives.〔Taylor 2010, p. 35〕 The purpose of this spell was to ensure the owner could demonstrate his knowledge of religious secrets if challenged in the afterlife.〔Taylor 2010, p.51〕 It is first known as Spell 335 of the Coffin Texts.〔 Part of the spell, as found in the Papyrus of Ani, reads: :18 Often paired with Spell 17〔Taylor 2010, p.272〕 :19 Enables the dead to wear a 'wreath of vindication', a floral garland bestowed after the completion of the Weighing of the Heart.〔Taylor 2010, p.215〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Book of the Dead spells」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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